Intracranial stenosis refers to the narrowing of blood vessels within the brain, often caused by a buildup of plaque inside the artery walls. When arteries become narrowed or blocked, less oxygen-rich blood reaches the brain, increasing the risk of stroke or other neurological issues. This condition most often affects large arteries such as the middle cerebral artery and may develop gradually or suddenly, depending on underlying risk factors.
Common causes and risk factors include:
- High blood pressure
- Smoking
- High cholesterol
- Diabetes
- Chronic inflammatory conditions like lupus or vasculitis
- Sickle cell anemia
Some people with intracranial stenosis may not experience any symptoms. However, depending on which artery is affected, such as the middle cerebral artery, symptoms may vary in severity. Recognizing narrowing of blood vessels in brain symptoms early is crucial for preventing stroke and improving long-term outcomes.
Common symptoms include:
- Headache
- Dizziness or lightheadedness
- Vision changes, such as blurred vision, double vision, or temporary vision loss
- Weakness or numbness on one side of the body
- Speech difficulties
- Cognitive changes, such as confusion, memory loss, or difficulty concentrating
If the middle cerebral artery is affected, symptoms may include sudden weakness on one side of the body and speech problems.
To diagnose intracranial stenosis, your neurologist will assess your symptoms and perform a physical and neurological exam. Advanced imaging tests help determine the location and severity of the narrowing of blood vessels in the brain.
Common tests include:
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): This test uses a magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images of the brain and blood vessels. It can help detect areas of reduced blood flow and signs of stenosis.
- Computed tomography (CT) angiography: This test uses X-rays and a contrast agent to create detailed images of the blood vessels in the brain. It can help identify blockages and areas of reduced blood flow.
- Cerebral angiography: This test involves injecting a contrast agent into the bloodstream and taking X-ray images of the blood vessels in the brain. It provides the most detailed information about the location and severity of stenosis and can also be used to guide endovascular procedures.
How do you treat intracranial stenosis?
While intracranial stenosis can’t be completely reversed, treatment can lower your risk of stroke and improve blood flow to the brain. The right care plan depends on the severity and location of the stenosis, as well as your overall health.
- Medications. Often the first line of treatment for IS, medications may include blood thinners, to prevent blood clots and reduce the risk of stroke, or medications to control risk factors for high blood pressure, high cholesterol, or diabetes.
- Lifestyle modifications, such as regular exercise, eating a balanced diet, quitting smoking, and limiting alcohol intake, can help reduce stroke risk and improve the overall health of people with IS.
- Minimally invasive procedures, such as an angioplasty, in which a balloon-tipped catheter is inserted into the artery and inflated to widen the artery; or stenting, which involves placing a small metal mesh tube in the artery to hold it open.
- Surgery. In severe cases, bypass neurosurgery may be recommended to reroute blood flow around the blockage.
Why Choose NGHS for Neurological Care
At Northeast Georgia Health System we provide comprehensive, patient-centered care for complex neurological conditions like intracranial stenosis. With advanced diagnostic tools, experienced specialists and access to emergency stroke care and rehabilitation services, we’re equipped to handle even the most urgent cases of narrowing of blood vessels in the brain.
If you’re experiencing symptoms or at high risk for stroke, don’t wait. Our team is here to guide you through diagnosis, treatment and recovery.