Cervical cancer develops in the cells of the cervix—the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. Understanding its causes is essential for prevention and early detection.
Primary cause: Human papillomavirus (HPV)
The leading cause of cervical cancer is infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is a group of over 100 related viruses, some of which are classified as high-risk due to their association with cancer development.
- Transmission: HPV is primarily spread through intimate skin-to-skin contact, including vaginal, anal, or oral sex.
- High-risk strains: Not all HPV types cause cervical cancer. Strains such as HPV-16 and HPV-18 are responsible for the majority of cases.
- Prevalence: HPV is very common, and most sexually active individuals will contract it at some point. In many cases, the body’s immune system clears the infection naturally. However, persistent infection with high-risk HPV types can lead to cervical cancer over time.
Additional risk factors
While HPV infection is the primary cause, other factors can increase the risk of developing cervical cancer:
- Smoking: Women who smoke are about twice as likely to develop cervical cancer compared to non-smokers. Smoking exposes the body to harmful chemicals that can damage the DNA of cervix cells and weaken the immune system, making it harder to fight off HPV infections.
- Weakened immune system: Conditions that suppress the immune system, such as HIV/AIDS, reduce the body’s ability to combat HPV infections effectively, increasing the risk of cervical cancer.
- Long-term use of oral contraceptive: Using birth control pills for five or more years may slightly increase the risk of cervical cancer. It’s essential to discuss the benefits and risks of contraceptive methods with a healthcare provider.
- Multiple full-term pregnancies: Having three or more full-term pregnancies has been associated with an increased risk of cervical cancer. The reasons are not entirely clear but may relate to hormonal changes during pregnancy or increased exposure to HPV.
- Early sexual activity and multiple sexual partners: Engaging in sexual activity at a young age and having multiple sexual partners can increase the risk of HPV infection, thereby raising the risk of cervical cancer.
How can I prevent cervical cancer?
Reducing the risk of cervical cancer involves addressing its primary cause and associated risk factors:
- HPV vaccination: Vaccines protect against the most common high-risk HPV types. The CDC recommends vaccination for preteens aged 11 to 12, but it can be administered as early as age 9 and up to age 26.
- Regular screening: Routine Pap smears and HPV tests can detect precancerous changes in cervical cells, allowing for early intervention. Women should begin screening at age 21 and follow their healthcare provider’s recommendations for frequency. Your primary care provider or OB/GYN can screen you for cervical cancer.
- Safe sexual practices: Using condoms and limiting the number of sexual partners can reduce the risk of HPV infection. However, condoms do not provide complete protection as HPV can infect areas not covered by a condom.
- Stop smoking: Quitting smoking can significantly lower the risk of cervical and other cancers. Resources are available to support individuals in their efforts to stop smoking.
FAQs about cervical cancer
Q: Can cervical cancer develop without HPV?
A: While HPV is responsible for most cervical cancer cases, a small percentage may develop without HPV. However, these cases are rare, and the exact causes are not well understood.
Q: Is the HPV vaccine effective for individuals already sexually active?
A: Yes, the HPV vaccine can still be beneficial for sexually active individuals. While it won’t treat existing infections, it can protect against strains of the virus to which an individual hasn’t been exposed. It’s most effective when given before any sexual activity begins.
Q: How often should I get screened for cervical cancer?
A: Screening recommendations can vary based on age and health history. Generally, women aged 21 to 29 should have a Pap smear every three years. Women aged 30 to 65 should have a Pap smear combined with an HPV test every five years or a Pap smear alone every three years. Consult with your healthcare provider for personalized recommendations.
Q: Are there symptoms of HPV infection?
A: HPV often has no noticeable symptoms, which is why regular screening is crucial. Some HPV types can cause genital warts, but the high-risk strains associated with cervical cancer typically do not produce visible signs.
Q: Can men be affected by HPV?
A: Yes, men can contract HPV and may develop health issues such as genital warts and cancers of the penis, anus, and oropharynx (back of the throat). Vaccination is recommended for boys and young men to prevent these outcomes.
Understanding the causes and risk factors of cervical cancer is vital for prevention and early detection. Regular screenings, HPV vaccination, and lifestyle modifications can significantly reduce the risk and promote overall reproductive health.
Learn more
The team of gynecologic oncology experts at Northeast Georgia Medical Center can provide comprehensive, advanced care for cervical cancer, including precancerous cells. Click here for more information.